A global heat and freshwater forcing dataset for ocean models

摘要: Abstract A global dataset based on the ECMWF Re-Analyses (ERA) is presented that can be used as surface boundary conditions for ocean models with sea-ice components. The definition of these bulk formulae. To study mean circulation, a annual cycle daily basis was constructed from ERA all relevant parameters including wind stress. Continental runoff considered by using information about catchment areas rivers and main drainage basins. formulae were extended sea ice concentration. estimate meridional heat transports (MHT) to avoid any drift in model simulations, fresh water budgets have been closed applying an inverse procedure fine-tune fluxes towards observed transports. improve MHTs Southern Hemisphere winds short wave radiation at southern higher latitudes should corrected. Furthermore, tests performed concerning which increased tropics decreased subsidence zones. are assessed scheme Macdonald Wunsch hydrographic sections. net forcing consistent flux divergences convergences estimated this except parts South Atlantic Indian Ocean sector where none datasets estimates. In subtropical estimates while not. components compared several observational (SRB, SOC, HOAPS, GPCP, CMAP). For each component, least one (especially HOAPS) supports effects almost globally some regional exceptions: tropical oceans North Atlantic, latent latitudes, precipitation northern Atlantic. Comparisons NCAR/NCEP (NRA) (versions 1 2) ECHAM place lead similar results. approach increasing resolution. Applied ocean/sea-ice ERA, would induce only relative small sea-surface buoyancy loss. comparison measurements made buoy deployed western Pacific warm pool five buoys subduction region Northeast shows site first poorer agreement than those ERA. At sites two both show same level within error bars specified. three remaining marginal improvement