Steering transformations under climate change: capacities for transformative climate governance and the case of Rotterdam, the Netherlands

摘要: In light of the persistent failure to reduce emissions decisively, facilitate long-term resilience against climate change and account for connectedness with other social, environmental economic concerns, we present a conceptual framework capacities transformative governance. Transformative governance enables mitigation adaptation while purposefully steering societies towards low-carbon, resilient sustainable objectives. The provides systematic analytical tool understanding supporting already ongoing changes landscape more experimental approaches that include multi-scale, cross-sectoral public-private collaborations. It distinguishes between different types needed address transformation dynamics, including responding disturbances (stewarding capacity), phasing-out drivers path dependency (unlocking creating embedding novelties (transformative capacity) coordinating multi-actor processes (orchestrating capacity). Our case study in Rotterdam, Netherlands, demonstrates how helps map activities by which multiple actors create new conditions governance, assess effectiveness identify capacity gaps. orchestrating Rotterdam emerged through creation space informal networks strategic operational innovation, also propelled arrangements structures. Both support stewarding unlocking integrating mainstreaming goals, connecting each development solutions mediating interests. Key challenges across remain because limited integrated thinking into institutional regulatory frameworks. As open up questions about actor roles, effective processes, legitimacy context transformations can be supported, invite future research apply explore these questions.