Population-scale drivers of individual arrival times in migratory birds.

摘要: 1. In migratory species, early arrival on the breeding grounds can often enhance success. Timing of spring migration is therefore a key process that likely to be influenced both by factors specific individuals, such as quality winter and locations distance between them, annual variation in weather conditions before during migration. 2. The Icelandic black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa islandica population currently increasing and, throughout Iceland, expanding into poorer areas. Using unique data set times Iceland different years for individuals known wintering locations, we show lower quality, recently occupied colder areas arrive later than those from traditionally also new areas, males sites earlier occupying novel sites. 3. Annual timing large-scale systems (the North Atlantic Oscillation), but between-individual stronger predictor time NAO. Distance does not influence times. 4. climatic factors, pattern individual primarily related habitat quality. These effects patterns are operate through condition local-scale density-dependent processes. thus appears component intricate relationship this system.