The impacts of uncertain factors on decisions of NPO and firms

摘要: Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted HighlightsA potentially hazardous material substitution problem is discussed.The market sensitivity to the influenced by an uncertain shock.The impact of shock's volatility on decision makers analyzed.Under some conditions, has no makers. The use materials been aroused wide concerns in world. In order reduce hazard these materials, non-profit organizations (NPOs) devote materials. This paper studies a bi-level decision-making model with NPO and two competitive firms. NPO, leader, aims prompt firms instantly substitute kind material. purpose achieved raising material's sensitivity, which determined effort exerted shock. Under environment, firms, followers, proceed static Nash game their strategies instant substituting delay. We analyze effects decisions Our results demonstrate that when marginal cost very small, participators. exerts instantly. Through numerical simulations, big, relatively big effort. NPO's contingent difference between initial shares.