A review of Human Biomonitoring studies of trace elements in Pakistan.

摘要: Human biomonitoring (HBM) measures the concentration levels of substances or their metabolites in human body fluids and tissues. HBM dose biochemical effect monitoring is an effective way measuring exposure to chemical substances. Many countries have conducted studies develop a data base for many chemicals including trace metals health concern risk assessment management. However, Pakistan, program on large scale general population does not exist at present past has been reported. Various individual reported elements (usually heavy metals) from Pakistan; most them are epidemiological cross sectional surveys. In this current review we tried namely arsenic, cadmium, copper, chromium, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, zinc biological (blood, urine) tissues (hair, nails) Pakistan. Studies all available sources explored, discussed presented form tables figures. The results these were critically compared with programs other countries, (US & European communities etc). It was observed study that toxic fluids/tissues higher background values comparatively. For example mean like As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb blood found as 2.08 μg/L, 4.24 60.5 1.95 198 μg/L respectively. Similarly, urine 67.6 3.2 16.4 6.2 86.5