Wildlife Crossing Structures, Fencing, and Other Highway Design Considerations

摘要: This chapter on wildlife crossing structures, fencing, and other highway design considerations is from a book highways, wildlife, habitat connectivity. The authors first review some of the studies recent years examining effects roads populations, noting that affect populations in numerous ways, loss fragmentation to constituting actual physical barriers animal movement, traffic-related mortality. They then synthesize current knowledge North American systems as related design, monitoring, performance criteria. discuss how increase effectiveness established designs, offer recommendations ways for particular species groups different landscapes. Guidelines are provided can be used crossings new or existing roads, expansions, bridge reconstruction projects. Specific topics include avoidance minimization impacts, scaled connectivity planning, maps data, geographic information system (GIS) layers, site space crossings, coping with situations no less-than-adequate compatibility adjacent land use, adaptive management. Eleven types discussed: landscape bridge, overpass, multiuse canopy crossing, viaduct flyover, large mammal underpass, underpass water flow, small-to-medium-sized modified culvert, amphibian reptile tunnels. conclude there tools available policies place promote planning ensure well safe passage.