Consideration of Life Cycle Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Road Infrastructure Planning Processes: Examples of Sweden, Norway, Denmark and the Netherlands

摘要: Energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with life cycle stages of road infrastructure are currently rarely assessed during planning. This study examines the planning process, emphasis on its Environmental Assessments (EA), identifies when how Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) can be integrated in early for supporting decisions such as choice corridor. Road processes compared four European countries (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Netherlands). The results show that only Norway has a formalised way using LCA Only Netherlands requirement later procurement stage. It is concluded planning, could part an EA, separate process or Cost-Benefit Analysis.