Trade-offs between carbon stocks and biodiversity in European temperate forests.

摘要: Abstract Policies to mitigate climate change and biodiversity loss often assume that protecting carbon-rich forests provides co-benefits in terms of biodiversity, due the spatial congruence carbon stocks at biogeographic scales. However, it remains unclear whether this holds scales relevant for management, particularly large knowledge gaps exist temperate taxa other than trees. We built a comprehensive dataset Central European forest structure multi-taxonomic diversity (beetles, birds, bryophytes, fungi, lichens, plants) across 352 plots. used Boosted Regression Trees (BRTs) assess relationship between above-ground live (a) taxon-specific richness, (b) unified multidiversity index. Threshold Indicator Taxa ANalysis explore individual species? responses changing detect change-points species composition along carbon-stock gradient. Our results reveal an overall weak highly variable richness stock stand scale, both taxonomic groups multidiversity. Similarly, proportion win-win trade-off (i.e., favored or disadvantaged by increasing stock, respectively) varied substantially taxa. Win-win gradually replaced with carbon, without clear thresholds gradient, suggesting community-level surrogates (e.g., richness) might fail critical changes biodiversity. Collectively, our analyses highlight leveraging may require stand-scale management prioritizes either order maximize broader Importantly, contrasts tropical forests, where objectives can be integrated thus highlighting need context-specificity when managing multiple objectives. Accounting target help deal specificity, defining safe operating space manipulate while avoiding losses.