European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) rotation in the Carpathians—A developmental cycle or a linear trend induced by man?

摘要: Abstract A detailed historical survey was made to assess the impact of humans on fir–beech forests in northern Carpathians. Research findings are compared with results from repeated tree layer measurements eight most well-preserved reserves stands region. Documentary evidence is provided showing that and contemporary spontaneous development throughout Carpathians identical. The replacement beech by fir occurred predominantly period 15–18th centuries, primarily due grazing litter raking. Starting 19th century, replaced under influence changing social conditions, since dieback “grazing” generation had not yet been completed. Air pollution damage other factors were only secondary accelerating phenomena. These changes species cannot be interpreted as natural rotation two generations within life cycle one generation, has previous explanation. rather a linear trend induced man, which simultaneously current dynamics affected high stock hoofed game absence or reduced numbers predators.