Substantial Heritable Variation in Recombination Rate on Multiple Scales in Honeybees and Bumblebees.

摘要: Meiotic recombination shuffles genetic variation and promotes correct segregation of chromosomes. Rates vary on several scales, both within genomes between individuals, this is affected by environmental factors. Social insects have extremely high rates recombination, although the evolutionary causes are not known. Here, we estimate crossovers gene conversions in 22 colonies honeybee, Apis mellifera, 9 bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, using direct sequencing 299 haploid drone offspring. We confirm that species elevated crossover rates, with higher measured highly eusocial honeybee than primitively social bumblebee. There also significant differences rate subspecies honeybee. substantial genome-wide individuals A. mellifera B. terrestris distribution these overlap species. A large proportion interindividual heritable, which indicates presence trans-acting factors influence genome-wide. infer levels interference significantly lower honeybees compared to bumblebees, may be one mechanism contributes honeybees. find a increase distance from centromere, mirrored methylation differences. detect strong transmission bias due GC-biased conversion associated noncrossover conversions. Our results shed light mechanistic extreme architecture variation.