Dual Models for Non-Hadrons

摘要: Abstract The possibility of describing particles other than hadrons (leptons, photons, gauge bosons, gravitons, etc.) by a dual model is explored. Virasoro-Shapiro studied first, interpreting the massless spin-two state as graviton. We prove that in limit zero slope (with gvs2α′ held fixed) one obtains Einstein theory gravitation accompanied scalar field. Next, Veneziano for small an expansion powers α′. It known from previous work zeroth order term precisely Yang-Mills multiplet vector bosons. show there are α′ terms arising both tree and loop graphs. former constitutes relatively unimportant modification theory, whereas latter involves coupling graviton states model. Thus may take point view gravity arises unitarization effect unified electromagnetism weak interactions. In to obtain correct values electric charge Newton's constant it necessary − 10−34 GeV−2 also studied.