Life cycle greenhouse gas, energy, and water assessment of wine grape production in California

摘要: This study assesses life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, energy use, and freshwater use in wine grape production across common vineyard management scenarios two representative growing regions (Napa Lodi) of the US state California. California hosts 90 % area, demand for GHG emissions estimates crops has increased due to consumer interest policies such as California’s Global Warming Solutions Act. The study’s scope includes annual production, beginning at raw material extraction inputs ending delivery grapes winery gate, excludes capital infrastructure. Two hundred forty were modeled based on data collected from land owners, managers, third-party companies. Thirty additional in-person interviews with growers throughout Napa Lodi also conducted identify diversity farming practices, site characteristics, yields (among other factors) 90 vineyards. These vineyards represent a cross-section regional variability soil, climate, landscape used production. Energy global warming potential (GWP) per metric ton (t) all 240 range between 1669 8567 MJ 87 548 kg CO2e. Twelve selected closer inspection facilitate comparison grower practices. Comparison by region shows GWP, water typical practices more than twice great (6529 MJ/t, 456 kg CO2e/t, 265 m3 H2O/t) (2759 MJ/t, 203 kg 141 m3 H2O/t), but approximately 16 % greater hectare basis. Hand harvest (versus mechanical harvesting) frost protection processes contributed higher values hectare, lower account even larger difference ton. harvesting reflect value grapes. findings underscore distinctions which include different goals, soils, climate. When are managed yields, they Napa, energy, water, GWP will likely be mass Strategies reduce these cannot rely increasing (a approach), alternative strategies required, example developing high-value co-products.