Mid- to late-Holocene archaeology, environment and climate in the northeast Kurdistan region of Iraq:

摘要: This work presents new data from phytolith and speleothem analyses that cover the middle to late Holocene northeastern Iraq in Kurdistan region. Coupling these with previous work, we demonstrate how region’s environment climate developed during a time when agriculture became not only established but settlements started transform into larger urban areas. Results wetter phase relative present period; highly seasonal one rainy season is also suggested between 8025 ± 38 6977 219 BP. Phytoliths suggest relatively wet they indicate diversity of plants used for settlement activity. Sedimentary results complement indication Holocene. Archaeologically, terraced construction found Gurga Chiya presence drought tolerant crops adaptation stronger, rains droughts Sedimentary, phytolith, drier late-Holocene conditions, although region continued be conducive rainfed agriculture.