Quantifying water and energy budgets and the impacts of climatic and human factors in the Haihe River Basin, China: 1. Model and validation

摘要: We have developed an operational model to simulate water and energy fluxes in the Haihe River Basin (231,800 km(2) size) for past 28 years. This is capable of estimating irrigated croplands heterogeneous grids. The was validated using actual evapotranspiration (ETa) measured by eddy covariance system, soil moisture croplands, groundwater level measurements over piedmont plain runoff observations a mountainous catchment. A long-term time series balance components were then simulated at daily step integrating remotely sensed information meteorological data examine spatial temporal distribution changes basin results show that net radiation (R-n) regions generally higher than regions. ETa, mostly because air temperature larger areas farmland. Higher sensible heat flux (H) lower ETa urban are possibly due less vegetation cover, impervious surface, rapid drainage, island effect cities. During study period, deficit continuously occurred extensive pumping irrigation meet crop requirements. Irrigation has led significant depletion, which poses substantial challenge sustainability resources this basin. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.