A Southern California Icon Surfs North: Local Ecotype of California Grunion, Leuresthes tenuis (Atherinopsidae), Revealed by Multiple Approaches during Temporary Habitat Expansion into San Francisco Bay

摘要: California Grunion Leuresthes tenuis, a beach spawning marine teleost, was described from specimen purchased at San Francisco market in 1859, but not subsequently seen there for 140 years. From 2001–2007, L. tenuis spawned on beaches Bay (SFB, 37°45′N, 122°15′W) multiple locations, disappeared after 2008. In 2005, started the first time Tomales (TB, 38°14′N, 122°58′W), 64 km north of SFB, this population 2009. Adult size, clutch volumes, and egg diameters SFB were consistently smaller than southern California, though genetically distinct. Population size structure suggests few survived more one year these northern bays, rather two or three years expected typical habitat. Climate change models predict conditions supporting poleward expansion ranges organisms, colonization habitats b...