Interactive effects of anthropogenic nitrogen enrichment and climate change on terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity

摘要: Biodiversity has been described as the diversity of life on earth within species, among and ecosystems. The rate biodiversity loss due to human activity in last 50 years more rapid than at any other time history, many drivers are increasing, including habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive climate change, pollution, pollution from reactive nitrogen (Nr). Of these stressors, change Nr anthropogenic activities causing some most changes. Climate is warming trends that result poleward elevational range shifts flora fauna, changes phenology, particularly earlier onset spring events migration, lengthening growing season. Nitrogen (N) enrich- ment can enhance plant growth, but shown favor, fast-growing, sometimes invasive, species over native adapted low N conditions. Although there have only a few controlled studies interactions, inferences be drawn various field observations. For example, arid ecosys- tems southern California, elevated deposition changing precipitation patterns promoted con- version shrub communities dominated by annual non-native grasses. Both empirical modeling indicate interact drive losses greater those caused either stressor alone. Reducing inputs may an effective mitigation strategy for protecting face change.