Building bridges between experts and the public: a comparison of two-way communication formats for flooding and air pollution risk

摘要: Abstract. Urban centres worldwide are adversely affected by flooding and air pollution. Better-prepared citizens crucial to limiting the impacts of these hazards, both lay knowledge personal experiences important in complementing challenging expert opinion. For first time, this study offers a critical comparison how different two-way communication formats have been used between experts public in relation to flooding pollution risk. Through systematic review, we analyse social media, educational programmes, serious games, citizen science, and forums terms their effectiveness respect dealing with incidents, raising awareness, promoting exchange context of flooding We find that there is neither a one-size-fits-all nor superior format communication. No single is effective fulfilling all three purposes. All five formats analysed appear be successful under circumstances never suitable for segments population. Communication and the difficult full tensions; information alone not enough. Our study shows ways incorporating strategies build trust make more fun and accessible, breaking down hierarchies creating safe spaces for co-creation where everyone feels empowered participate benefits.