Plant and Insect Viruses in Managed and Natural Environments: Novel and Neglected Transmission Pathways.

摘要: The capacity to spread by diverse transmission pathways enhances a virus' ability effectively and survive when circumstances change. This review aims improve understanding of how plant insect viruses through natural managed environments drawing attention 12 novel or neglected virus whose contribution is underestimated. For viruses, the reviewed are vertical horizontal via pollen, parasitic plants, root grafts, wind-mediated contact, chewing insects, contaminated water soil. they plants serving as passive "vectors," arthropod vectors, contamination pollen nectar. Based on current spatiotemporal dynamics spread, likely roles each pathway in creating new primary infection foci, enlarging previously existing promoting generalized estimated. All except contact produce foci. have capability enlarge but only limited extent occurs virus-contaminated soil transmission. those plant, graft, soil, contribute different extents. worst-case scenarios, where mixed populations host species occur under optimal conditions, risk that jumps emergence events will arise estimated be "high" for all four considered, and, "very high" "moderate" transmitted graft pathways, respectively. To establish full thereby optimize effective disease management, it important examine potentially involved, regardless whether ecology already presumed well understood otherwise.