New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree

摘要: Markers on the non-recombining portion of human Y chromosome continue to have applications in many fields including evolutionary biology, forensics, medical genetics, and genealogical reconstruction. In 2002, Chromosome Consortium published a single parsimony tree showing relationships among 153 haplogroups based 243 binary markers devised standardized nomenclature system name lineages nested within this tree. Here we present an extensively revised containing 311 distinct haplogroups, two new major (S T), incorporating approximately 600 markers. We describe changes topology provide names for rearranged following rules presented by 2002. Several important implications studies ancestry. also demography-independent age estimates 11 clades