Challenges and opportunities in developing urban modal shift

摘要: Abstract Continued urbanisation, and the resultant increase in urban trips, presents one of greatest challenges to environmental, economic social sustainability society. Given that modal split between transport modes has remained relatively unaltered recent decades, this suggests levels private car usage will lead even greater congestion air pollution areas. Therefore, a shift from public needs be effected with urgency. However, whilst theory could achieved relative ease, numerous societal, political barriers have thus far prevented such occurring. These been analysed detail, using holistic approach which simultaneously considers all stakeholder needs. Recognising traveller opinions requirements are fundamental effecting measures, effects quality attributes on encouraging discussed, accompanied by an updated version UK Department for Transport’s hierarchy This investigation then proceeds analyse effectiveness methods control usage, before discussing solutions address notable, successful shift, including guidance how design programmes. paper provides useful insightful those involved attempting evoke sustainable mobility through systems.