DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10149-6
关键词: Municipal solid waste 、 Environmental impact assessment 、 Waste management 、 Biomass 、 Bioenergy 、 Materials science 、 Sustainable energy 、 Emergy 、 Renewable energy 、 Sustainability
摘要: Abstract Biomass, which includes trees, grasses, animal dung, organic fraction of municipal solid waste, wastes from food-processing industry, etc., is considered as a renewable and sustainable energy source. Bio-energy can be used for heat, power, fuel, chemical synthesis applications using either biochemical or thermochemical routes. This article briefly discusses these options with case studies different the ways in sustainability measured like emergy analysis, combination economic environmental impact life-cycle etc. Some most recent published literature last 3 years on topics has been discussed.