Evaluation of Orius species for biological control of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

摘要: Key words: Thysanoptera, Frankliniella occidentalis, Heteroptera, Orius leavigatu, majusculu, niger, insidiosus, Biology, Diapause, Biological control. The overall aim of this research was to develop a biological control programme for F. occidentalis through the selection an efficient beneficial arthropod. First, general review literature about thrips pest species in Europe and particular (Pergande) (Western Flower Thrips) made. Information regarding biology, distribution, host plants damage induced by were discussed summarized. main candidates as natural enemies emerging from study evaluation all present data, Anthocoridae, and, thus, further directed towards Anthocorid predators genus (Rhyncota: Heteroptera) ( chapter 1 ).Next, , most common Mediterranean regions chosen . collected several areas Italy on 36 plant infested thrips. O. niger Wolff, laevigatus (Fieber) majusculus (Reuter). No clear host-plant preferences these recorded 2 ).Consequently, characteristics predation activity four (the palaeartic neartic insidiosus exotic that earlier released Italy) determined laboratory experiments using two prey species: Ephestia kuehniella (Zell.) eggs adults. Preimaginal mortality, development time, sex-ratio, pre-oviposition period, longevity, fecundity, during instar stages adult stage measured. intrinsic rates increase (r m ) kill (k = ln k 0 /t determined. 0.23 0.21 0.25 0.19 respectively. In species, females fed E. showed greater longevity higher reproduction than those Most data similar Mass rearings successfully developed, while appeared difficult rear. Based it concluded might be best candidate 3 ).No available occurrence diapause As occur early season, is important use do not go into diapause. possibility inducing reproductive palearctic therefore investigated strains: strain N northern (Po Valley) S southern (Sicily). influence photoperiod studied. Development emergence, sex ratio, presence mature oocytes recorded. strains have different way overwintering: part population undergoes weak diapause, overwintering could described quiescence 4 ).Finally, capacity pests T. tabaci studied releases predator vegetable crops commercial greenhouses, sweet pepper eggplant. pirate bugs made soon detected, resulted establishment predator, interaction between at low densities often sufficient 5 6 ).In conclusion, Italian enemy This currently produced commercially used large scale ornamental crops, mostly protected 7 ).