Suspended cells of metallicolous and nonmetallicolous Viola species tolerate, accumulate and detoxify zinc and lead

摘要: Abstract We studied the zinc and lead accumulation tolerance level of suspended cells four Viola species with different metallophyte statuses: lutea ssp. westfalica (obligate metallophyte), V. tricolor (facultative arvensis (accidental metallophyte) uliginosa (nonmetallophyte), in order to determine correlation between cell plant tolerance. Cells all species/genotypes were tolerant metal concentrations applied medium for 24, 48 72 h, more than lead, as estimated by viability using alamarBlue assay. Viable each analyzed species/genotype accumulated particularly very high amounts after treatment 2000 μM 72 h (1500–4500 mg kg−1, 24 000–32 000 mg kg−1, respectively), determined atomic absorption spectrometry. The bioaccumulation factor values confirmed cells’ hyperaccumulation strategy. cell-activated detoxification mechanism, consisting deposition metals wall vacuoles, shown transmission electron microscopy X-ray microanalysis, allows survive despite accumulation. These results indicate innate violets statuses also nonmetallophyte, suggesting that evolutionarily developed hypertolerance may occurs this group a whole.