The impact of secondary pests onBacillus thuringiensis (Bt)crops

摘要: Summary The intensification of agriculture and the development synthetic insecticides enabled worldwide grain production to more than double in last third 20th century. However, heavy dependence and, some cases, overuse has been responsible for negative environmental ecological impacts across globe, such as a reduction biodiversity, insect resistance insecticides, effects on nontarget species (e.g. natural enemies) secondary pests. The use recombinant DNA technology develop genetically engineered insect-resistant crops could mitigate many side insecticides. One genetic alteration enables express toxic crystalline (Cry) proteins from soil bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Despite widespread adoption Bt crops, there are still range unanswered questions concerning longer term agro-ecosystem interactions. For instance, that not susceptible expressed toxin can into pests cause significant damage crop. Here, we review main causes surrounding pest dynamics impact outbreaks. Regardless causes, if nonsusceptible populations exceed economic thresholds, insecticide spraying become immediate solution at farmers’ disposal, sustainable this modification may be jeopardy. Based literature, recommendations future research outlined will help improve knowledge possible long-term trophic interactions employing technology.