Sex Differences in Bladder Cancer Immunobiology and Outcomes: A Collaborative Review with Implications for Treatment.

摘要: Abstract Context Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) exhibits significant sexual dimorphism in incidence, etiology, and response to intravesical immunotherapy. Environmental factors such as tobacco use clinical management issues delayed presentation have widely been associated with sex differences UCB outcomes. Emerging findings from immune checkpoint blockade trials are suggestive differential outcomes females compared males. Sex-specific way system functions responds pathogenic insults well established. As such, an in-depth understanding genetic epigenetic contributing sex-associated immunomodulatory therapies is needed urgently for improved UCB. Objective To review associations between patient outcomes, a focus on host intrinsic features, Evidence acquisition Using PubMed database, this narrative evaluates published mouse model-based cohort studies identify cancer. A scoping key epidemiology, genetic, hormonal, physiology, was performed explore potential that could implications therapy design. synthesis Sex-associated incidence influenced by hormones, local resident populations, tumor genetics, microbiome. In context therapeutic prominent bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy used treatment non–muscle-invasive Similarly, respect molecular profiles muscle-invasive cancer, tumors show enrichment basal subtype. Conclusions Among proposed tumor/host may influence immune-based therapies, remains challenging consideration deserves further attention. date supports multifactorial origin Patient summary review, we highlight features potentially drive disease progression urothelial bladder.