Monitoring immune-checkpoint blockade: response evaluation and biomarker development

摘要: Cancer immunotherapy using immune-checkpoint blockade (ICB) has created a paradigm shift in the treatment of advanced-stage cancers. The promising antitumour activity monoclonal antibodies targeting proteins CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 led to regulatory approvals these agents for variety malignancies. Patients might experience clinical benefits from with agents, despite unconventional patterns tumour response that can be misinterpreted as disease progression, warranting new, specific approach evaluate responses immunotherapy. In addition, biomarkers predict responsiveness ICB are being extensively investigated further advance precision Herein, we review biological mechanisms underlying associated ICB, describe strategies objective assessments such responses, also highlight ongoing efforts identify biomarkers, order guide ICB. We provide state-of-the-art knowledge immune-related evaluations, unmet needs requiring investigations, propose future directions maximize therapy.