Executive working memory deficits in abstinent ecstasy/MDMA users: a critical review.

摘要: Aims: This review examined studies of executive functioning in abstinent ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA) users on tasks which had been empirically mapped onto updating, shifting, inhibition and accessing long-term memory processes. Studies some aspects visuospatial performance were also included because the investment resources such tasks. Methods:Thirty-three identified for following searches Psychinfo Medline databases. Inclusion criteria reporting new empirical findings from participants drug free at time testing, peer-reviewed journals English language. Results:Evidence ecstasy-related deficits was strongest updating verbal material, requiring additional processing beyond storage retrieval. Such suggested that overall level demand an important consideration. Executive shifting showed little evidence impairment, whilst examination access presented unclear picture. Conclusions: All but one a cross-sectional design. Although this is potential weakness with regard to confounds, necessity designs acknowledged. generally aware need control especially effects other drugs, through mixture group statistical techniques. It recommended future should detail relationship dependent variables reported specific processes consider imposed by