Human papillomavirus first and second generation vaccines-current status and future directions.

摘要: It has been more than 10 years that the first prophylactic papillomavirus vaccine became available, although distribution mainly limited to affluent countries. The two vaccines have a great success, hundreds of millions women and much smaller number men vaccinated ever since. In few countries with high vaccination coverage, in particular Australia but also parts Great Britain others, clinical impact programs is already visible there are indications for herd immunity as well. Vaccine efficacy higher originally estimated an excellent safety profile. Gardasil9 second generation HPV virus-like particle was licensed 2015 come near future. Currently, burning questions respect duration protection - especially regard cross-protection reduction three-dose regimen its on cross-protection; response, well against oropharyngeal infections. Furthermore, researchers seeking overcome limitations VLP vaccines, namely low thermal stability, cost, invasive administration, coverage non-vaccine types, lack therapeutic efficacy. this review we summarize current status address related third vaccines.