Electrical muscle controller and pacing with hemodynamic enhancement

摘要: A method of modifying the force contraction at least a portion heart chamber is provided. non-excitatory electric field given duration applied, delay after an activation heart, which increase by 5%. Apparatus also provided for pacing with hemodynamic improvement. Circuitry applies extended signal to electrodes pace having overall greater than 8 ms from time initiation application that initiates action potential propagation. The includes train biphasic pulses pulse durations 1 ms, and has amplitude three times as great threshold sufficient neither cardioversion nor defibrillation. Other embodiments are described.