Diversity of effective treatments of panic attacks: what do they have in common?

摘要: By comparing efficacious psychological therapies of different kinds, inferences about common effective treatment mechanisms can be made. We selected six for review on the basis diversity their theoretical rationales and evidence superior efficacy: psychoanalytic psychotherapy, hypercapnic breathing training, hypocapnic reprocessing with without eye-movement desensitization, muscle relaxation, cognitive behavior therapy. The likely element all these is that they reduce immediate expectancy a panic attack, disrupting vicious circle fearing fear. Modifying expectation usually regarded as placebo mechanism in but may specific panic. fact this seldom rationale communicated to patient creates moral dilemma: Is it ethical therapists mislead patients help them? Pragmatic justification successful practice way out dilemma. Therapies should evaluated deal expectations directly by promoting positive thinking or fostering non-expectancy. Depression Anxiety, 2010. Published 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.