The interactive effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and climate change on aquatic ecosystems.

摘要: This assessment summarises the current state of knowledge on interactive effects ozone depletion and climate change aquatic ecosystems, focusing how these affect exposures to UV radiation in both inland oceanic waters. The ways which stratospheric is directly altering southern hemisphere consequent extensive ecosystems are also addressed. primary objective synthesise novel findings over past four years context existing understanding ecosystem response change. If it were not for Montreal Protocol, would have led high levels exposure solar with much stronger negative all trophic than currently experienced “world avoided” scenario that has curtailed depletion, means other environmental variables will play role regulating organisms radiation. Reductions thickness duration snow ice cover increasing Climate was expected increase by causing shallow mixed layers, but new data show deepening some regions shoaling others. In contrast, climate-change related increases heavy precipitation melting glaciers permafrost concentration colour UV-absorbing dissolved organic matter (DOM) particulates. leading “browning” many coastal waters, loss valuable service disinfects surface waters parasites pathogens. Many can reduce damage due through behavioural avoidance, photoprotection, photoenzymatic repair, meta-analyses continue confirm across levels. Modeling studies estimating photoinhibition production parts Pacific Ocean demonstrated component sunlight leads a 20% decrease estimates productivity. Exposure lead positive damaging less UV-tolerant predators, competitors, contributes formation microplastic pollutants interacts artificial sunscreens adverse ecosystems. UV-B toxicity such as methyl mercury (due its demethylation) pesticides polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Feeding microplastics zooplankton bioaccumulation fish. Microplastics found up fish marketed human consumption, potentially threatening food security. Depletion altered increased productivity consequently growth, survival reproduction sea birds mammals. warmer temperatures shifts correlated declines kelp beds Tasmania corals Brazil. demonstrates radiation, factors advanced considerably confirms importance considering synergies between factors.