Glucagon and Glucagon‐like Peptide Production and Degradation

摘要: The sections in this article are: 1 History 1.1 Glucagon 1.2 Glucagon-like Peptides 2 The Glucagon Superfamily of Peptide Hormones 3 Tissue Distribution Proglucagon Expression 3.1 Pancreas 3.2 Intestine 3.3 Brain 4 Proglucagon Biosynthesis 4.1 Organization and Structure the Gene 4.2 Regulation Gene Expression 4.3 Posttranslational Processing Proglucagon 4.4 Chemistry Structure 5 Regulation Secretion 5.1 Overview 5.2 Intracellular Signals 5.3 Nutrients 5.4 Endocrine/Paracrine 5.5 Neural 5.6 Pulsatility 6 Regulation Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion 6.1 Overview 6.2 Intracellular Signals 6.3 Nutrients 6.4 Endocrine 6.5 Neural 7 Metabolism Degradation 7.1 Overview 7.2 Renal Clearance 7.3 Hepatic Clearance 7.4 Degradation Circulation 7.5 Biologically Active Fragments 8 Physiological Actions 8.1 Glucagon 8.2 Glucagon-like Peptide-1 8.3 Glucagon-like Peptide-2 9 Mechanisms Action 9.1 Glucagon 9.2 Glucagon-like Peptide-1 9.3 Glucagon-like Peptide-2 10 Human Disease 10.1 Glucagon 10.2 Glucagon-like Peptide-1 10.3 Glucagon-like Peptide-2