Neural crest and the patterning of vertebrate craniofacial muscles

摘要: Patterning of craniofacial muscles overtly begins with the activation lineage-specific markers at precise, evolutionarily conserved locations within prechordal, lateral, and both unsegmented somitic paraxial mesoderm populations. Although these initial programming events occur without influence neural crest cells, subsequent movements differentiation stages most head are crest-dependent. Incorporating descriptive experimental studies, this review examines each stage myogenesis up through formation attachments to their skeletal partners. We present similarities among developing muscle groups, including comparisons trunk myogenesis, but emphasize morphogenetic processes that unique group sometimes subsets a group. These groups include branchial (pharyngeal) arches, which encompass those clear homologues in all vertebrate classes one, for example, mammalian facial muscles, also extraocular, laryngeal, tongue, neck muscles. The presence several distinct underlying crest:myoblast/myocyte interactions behaviors is not surprising, given wide range quantitative qualitative variations organization achieved during evolution.