ALYAWARRA KINSHIP, INFANT CARRYING, AND ALLOPARENTING

摘要: In recent decades, fieldwork with 20th century hunter-gatherers has led to a “paradigm shift” away from emphasis on child care by the mother alone, toward alloparental in which parents and their children benefit help provided children’s older siblings, mother’s more distantly related or unrelated others. This paper emphasizes importance of among Alyawarra-speaking people Central Australia 1971-72. It reports 1439 numerically coded behavioral observations infant carrying, combination extensive kinship, genealogical, demographic census data that reveal previously undetected patterns care, including extreme rarity carrying (2.85% carries mothers, 0.28% fathers). I suggest Alyawarra infants were treated as part Commons, deeply analogous all shared resources kangaroos, waterholes sacred sites. Everyone ultimately benefited birth its later contributions welfare all, so virtually everyone was responsible for participating care. interpret these terms kin selection, reciprocal altruism, mutual aid other survival strategies precluded Tragedy Commons harsh capricious environment Australian desert.