Theories of the Evolution of Sexual Dimorphism

摘要: In this section of the book (Chaps. 4–8), we turn our attention to evolution sexual dimorphism, having earlier considered theoretical models (Chap. 2) and empirical patterns 1 3) concerning gender dimorphism. Sexual dimorphism refers differences between individuals differing in traits other than itself 1, Table 1), can be found both primary secondary sex characters. Primary characters are traits, such as gonads copulatory organs, which essential for reproduction (Darwin 1871). plants, include androecium gynoecium (Lloyd Webb 1977; see Harris 1994 definitions floral parts). organs necessarily dimorphic male female functions within flowers. addition, is often conspicuous functionally flowers diclinous populations, because each flower type fully expresses only one function 1). Less commonly, plants retain well-developed opposite function, types (and individual plants) less obvious 5).Secondary that not “directly connected with act reproduction” Darwin recognized two kinds characters, those relating more directly pertaining “different habits life” sexes. angiospersms, reproductive encompass features inflorescences affect mating success or fertility 5). Ecological life history 6), vegetative morphology physiology 7),and ecological relations competitive ability susceptibility herbivores pathogens 8). Secondary shared by different class, but may nevertheless differ them. They sometimes achieve rudimentary expression sex, entirely limited their sex.