Hormones and Lung Maturation

摘要: 1 Lung Development.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Structural 1.2.1 Architecture and Pattern of Growth.- 1.2.2 Stages 1.2.2.1 Embryonic.- 1.2.2.2 Glandular.- 1.2.2.3 Canalicular.- 1.2.2.4 Saccular.- 1.2.2.5 Alveolar.- 1.2.3 Cells the Acinus.- 1.2.3.1 Type I Cells.- 1.2.3.2 II 1.2.3.3 Fibroblasts.- 1.2.3.4 Endothelial 1.2.3.5 Macrophages.- 1.3 The Surfactant System.- 1.3.1 Discovery/Physiologic Function.- 1.3.2 Ontogeny.- 1.3.3 Composition.- 1.3.4 Life Cycle.- References.- 2 Glucocorticoid Effects in Vivo.- 2.1 Historical Perspective.- 2.2 Experimental Approaches.- 2.3 Morphology.- 2.4 Alveolar Surfactant.- 2.5 Pulmonary Function Viability.- 2.6 Biochemical Effects.- 2.6.1 Phospholipid Synthesis.- 2.6.1.1 Precursor Incorporation.- 2.6.1.2 Tissue Content.- 2.6.1.3 Enzymes.- 2.6.2 Other Proteins.- 2.6.3 Glycogen.- 2.6.4 DNA.- 2.7 Responses Tissues.- 2.8 Effect Gender.- 2.8.1 Differences Observed.- 2.8.2 No Found.- 2.8.3 Androgen.- 2.9 Summary.- 3 Receptor.- 3.1 General Properties.- 3.1.1 Distribution.- 3.1.2 Physiochemical Binding 3.2 Specific 3.2.1 Sulfhydryl Groups.- 3.2.2 Corticosteroid Affinity Specificity: Species Differences.- 3.2.3 Distribution Among Cell Types.- 3.2.4 3.3 Evidence for Receptor Mediation 3.3.1 Studies Cultured Lung.- 3.3.2 In Vivo Studies.- 3.4 Summary Conclusions.- 4 Role Endogenous Corticosteroids.- 4.1 Temporal Associations.- 4.1.1 Plasma Amniotic Fluid 4.1.1.1 Sheep.- 4.1.1.2 Rat Mouse.- 4.1.1.3 Rabbit.- 4.1.1.4 Non-human Primates.- 4.1.1.5 Human.- 4.1.1.6 Species.- 4.1.2 Correlations.- 4.1.2.1 Rabbit 4.1.2.2 Sheep 4.2 Manipulations.- 4.2.1 Increased Levels.- 4.2.2 Ablation Procedures.- 4.2.3 with Tissue.- 4.3 Sources 4.3.1 Steroidogenesis.- 4.3.2 Binding.- 4.3.3 Uptake Responsiveness.- 4.3.4 Cortisone: Cortisol Interconversion.- 4.3.4.1 Metabolism Placenta Membranes.- 4.3.4.2 Fetal 4.4 Clinical Evidence.- 4.5 Conclusion.- 5 Antenatal Therapy: 5.1 Respiratory Distress Syndrome.- 5.1.1 Occurrence.- 5.1.2 Pathophysiology.- 5.2 Prevention RDS: Factors Influencing Efficacy Therapy.- 5.2.1 Established.- 5.2.1.1 Gestational Age.- 5.2.1.2 Therapeutic Agent, Treatment Interval Dose.- 5.2.1.3 from Initiation Therapy to Birth.- 5.2.2 Probable on Efficacy.- 5.2.2.1 Gender Racial Origin.- 5.2.2.2 Asphyxia.- 5.2.2.3 Multiple 5.2.2.4 Prolonged Rupture 5.2.3 Insufficent Regarding 5.2.3.1 Maternal Diabetes.- 5.2.3.2 Rhesus Sensitization.- 5.2.3.3 Cesarean Section.- 5.2.3.4 Tocolytics.- 5.2.3.5 Toxemia (Hypertension/Edema/Proteinuria Syndromes).- 5.2.4 Recommendations.- 5.3 5.3.1 L/S Ratio.- 5.3.2 Risks Benefits.- 5.3.2.1 Potential Risks.- 5.3.2.2 Established 5.3.3 Observations.- 5.3.3.1 Retinopathy Prematurity.- 5.3.3.2 Skin.- 5.3.3.3 Breathing.- 5.4 Follow-up After 5.4.1 Growth 5.4.2 5.4.3 Immunological 5.5 6 Hormone Concentrations.- 6.1 Concentration Administered 6.1.1 Betamethasone.- 6.1.2 Dexamethasone.- 6.1.3 Methylprednisolone.- 6.1.4 Cortisol.- 6.1.5 Comparison Regimens.- 6.1.6 Maternal-Fetal 6.1.7 Placental Metabolism.- 6.1.8 Time Course Considerations.- 6.2 Suppression 6.2.1 Maternal.- 6.2.2 Fetal.- 6.2.3 Adrenocortical Responsiveness Stress.- 6.3 Activity Plasma.- 6.3.1 Affinity.- 6.3.2 Calculations.- 6.3.3 Course.- 6.3.4 Maximal 6.4 Hormones.- 6.5 7 Thyroid Hormones: 7.1 7.1.1 Treatment.- 7.1.2 7.1.3 Postnatal 7.1.4 Thyroidectomy.- 7.1.5 Ontogeny 7.2 7.3 Nuclear T3 7.3.1 7.3.2 Dose Response 7.3.3 Kinetics 7.3.4 Release Inactivation 7.3.5 7.3.6 Hormonal Regulation.- 7.3.7 Occupancy by 7.4 Culture.- 7.4.1 Responses.- 7.4.2 Mediation.- 7.5 Human 7.5.1 Development 7.5.2 RDS.- 7.5.3 Prenatal Hormone.- 7.6 8 Beta-Adrenergic Agonists.- 8.1 8.1.1 Release.- 8.1.1.1 8.1.1.2 8.1.2 Reabsorption.- 8.1.2.1 Dynamics.- 8.1.2.2 Catecholamines 8.1.2.3 Isolated 8.1.3 Physiologic Relevance.- 8.1.3.1 8.1.3.2 Labor 8.1.3.3 8.2 8.2.1 8.2.2 Cellular 8.2.3 Concentration.- 8.2.3.1 8.2.3.2 Influence.- 8.2.3.3 8.2.4 Coupling Adenylate Cyclase.- 8.3 Conclusions Perspectives.- 9 9.1 Prolactin.- 9.1.1 Background.- 9.1.2 9.1.3 9.1.4 Mechanism.- 9.1.5 9.2 Estradiol.- 9.2.1 9.2.2 9.2.3 Mechanism Action.- 9.3 Epidermal Factor.- 9.4 Thyrotropin-Releasing 9.5 Fibroblast Pneumonocyte 9.6 Insulin.- 9.6.1 Diabetes Maturation.- 9.6.2 Models.- 9.6.2.1 Alloxan.- 9.6.2.2 Streptozotocin.- 9.6.2.3 Infusion.- 9.6.3 9.6.4 9.6.5 Speculations.- 10 Interactions.- 10.1 Hormones 10.1.1 10.1.2 10.1.3 10.1.4 10.2 cAMP Glucocorticoids.- 10.2.1 10.2.2 10.3 T3.- 10.4 Multi-Hormonal Regulation: An Overview.- 10.5 Combined References.