Smoke-Cued Emergence in Plant Species of Ponderosa Pine Forests: Contrasting Greenhouse and Field Results

摘要: Smoke-cued seed germination and emergence is common in some frequent-fire ecosystems, but this process little studied conifer forests of the southwestern United States. To assess whether aqueous smoke promotes plant ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) northern Arizona, I conducted three experiments at different scales (seed, bank, community) both greenhouse field settings. In first experiment, significantly increased (P < 0.05) seeds 13 % 61 assayed species. Five eight (63 %) Penstemon species exhibited significant increases ranging from two- to ten-fold. second emergent density by 67 richness 60 soil bank samples collected nine sites that had undergone tree thinning. Contrary these experiments, spraying on 0.05 ha plots third experiment no effect cover, richness, or composition relative control 15 mo after treatment. Many factors, such as time since fire interactions with other cues, could have contributed lack response. While appears promising for applications enhancing production, its potential promoting settings currently uncertain.