Neighborhood-health links: Differences between rural-to-urban migrants and natives in Shanghai

摘要: 1. IntroductionAn abundant literature has documented the important role that neighborhood context plays in a variety of individual outcomes ranging from life chances and trajectories to lifestyles health outcomes, regardless background (e.g., Bjornstrom Kuhl 2014; Choi 2009; Ellis Almgren Kawachi Berkman 2003; Kim et al. 2011; Kimbro Li Wu 2010; Logan, Alba, Zhang 2002; Telles Ortiz 2008; Wen, Hawkley, Cacioppo 2006; Wen Wang 2009). Evidence further suggests perception environments is crucial link between objective conditions health, perceived contexts may even have stronger impacts on than (Polling Weden, Carpiano, Robert 2006). These perceptions vary across subgroups defined by socio-demographic (Kamphius O'Brien 2014), such as immigrant status. Immigrants are often blamed for rise crime, violence, or social illness, which turn affects both local residents immigrants about their environments, especially concentrated areas (Chiricos, McEntire, Gertz 2001; Semyonov, Gorodzeisky, Glikma 2012).So far most evidence these issues based studies conducted Western societies, not be applicable other social, economic, cultural settings. In China, research environments/contexts recently emerged, focusing rural-to-urban migrants (hereafter migrant workers) big cities reporting significant associations Chen 2015; Palmer, Perkins, Xu 2010). However, little work been done evaluate how differ workers residents. The large-scale migration swept all major Chinese considered largest population movement human history terms size (China National Bureau Statistics (NBSC) 2012). Migrant differently influenced contextual exposures urban natives, could likely far-reaching implications promotion. China's unique setting undergone rapid urbanization industrialization since reform opening era late 1970s. Shanghai one fastest growing with comprising 45% total de facto 2010 census (NBSC Therefore, offers good sample studying issues.2. Literature reviewIt long recognized function regulators shape behaviors, lives, opportunities Everson-Rose 2011). Neighborhood factors can roughly categorized into physical (built/natural) (Diez Roux Hyman 2004; Macintyre, Ellaway, Cummins Schulz 2005). Examples amenities infrastructures facilities hospitals, schools, parks, libraries, churches) air quality. cohesion, solidarity, safety trust, helpfulness, friendliness, relationships neighbors, low crime rate) (Forst Sallis 2006).Neighborhood measured either objectively subjectively. Objective measurements usually obtained census, administrative, archive, GIS data, investigators' independent observations Mair Elo Subjective measures mainly collected survey questionnaires asking participants report own 2001). …