The Role of Small Bioactive Peptides and Cell Surface Peptidases in Androgen Independent Prostate Cancer

摘要: At current rates of diagnosis, a man in the United States has one-in-five chance that invasive prostate cancer will develop his lifetime (69).This rate is nearly twice lung and three times colorectal cancer. Death from second leading cause death men States. Almost every with advanced undergo androgen ablation therapy time, most progress. The central characteristic fatal independence. These facts were established 1941, when therapeutic castration was first described (53,54), and, unfortunately, still hold true as 1990s drew to close. Historically, there been an inverse relationship between efforts maximize efficacy hormonal for outcomes those efforts: thousands patients studied billions dollars spent repeatedly show have dramatic—yet ultimately ineffective—therapeutic effects (67). Although number growth survival factors implicated independent phenotype cancer, no translation these findings effective (87).