Deer-predator relationships: a review of recent North American studies with emphasis on mule and black-tailed deer

摘要: In recent years mule (Odocoileus hemionus) and black-tailed (0. h. columbianus) deer appear to have declined in many areas of the western United States Canada, causing concern for population welfare continued uses resource. Causes decline not been identified, but predation by coyotes (Canis latrans), mountain lions (Puma concolor), wolves lupus) has proposed as one factors. We reviewed results published studies conducted since mid-1970s concerning predator-deer relationships determine whether could be a factor apparent declines there was evidence that predator control viable management tool restore populations. 17 deer. found only 4 pub- lished effects on A larger database exist- ed white-tailed virginianus), with 19 examining preda- tion Study were confounded numerous population's relation- ship habitat carrying capacity crucial impacts predation. Deer popu- lations at or near did respond removal experiments. When populations appeared limited such well below forage capacity, mortality reduced significantly when reduced. Only study, however, demonstrated increases resulted greater harvests, although considerable data indicat- wolf harvests moose (Alces alces) caribou (Rangifer tarandus). The most convincing occurred small enclosures (2-39 km2) used. Our review suggests coyotes, lions, may significant some under certain conditions. Relation habi- tat weather, human use patterns, number type species, alterations all affect predator-prey relationships. through intensive radiotelemetry manipulative can identified major limiting factor. it is managers face decisions.