Divergence estimates and early evolutionary history of Figitidae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea)

摘要: We examine the phylogenetic relationships of Figitidae and discuss host use within this group in light our own previously published divergence time data. Our results suggest Figitidae, as currently defined, is not monophyletic. Furthermore, Mikeiinae Pycnostigminae are sister-groups, nested adjacent to Thrasorinae, Plectocynipinae Euceroptrinae. The recovery sister-group suggests two major patterns evolution: (i) early lineages demonstrate a Gondawanan origin (Plectocynipinae: Neotropical; Thrasorinae: Australia; Pycnostigminae: Africa); (ii) based on records for Mikeiinae, Thrasorinae Plectocynipinae, predicted be parasitic gall-inducing Hymenoptera. position Parnips (Parnipinae) was unstable, various analyses were conducted determine impact uncertainty both other clades inferred times; when excluded from total evidence analysis, Cynipidae found [Euceroptrinae + (Plectocynipinae (Thrasorinae (Mikeiinae Pycnostigminae)))], with low support. Divergence dating using BEAST indicate stem-group node c. 126 Ma; dipteran parasitoids (Eucoilinae Figitinae), estimated have median age 80 88 Ma, respectively; neuropteran (Anacharitinae), 97 sternorrhynchan hyperparasitoids (Charipinae), 110 Hymenoptera-parasitic subfamilies (Euceroptinae, Trasorinae, Pycnostigminae, Parnipinae), ranged ages 48 108 Ma. Rapid radiation Eucoilinae subclades appears chronologically synchronized their hosts, Schizophora (Diptera). Overall, exclusion analysis did result significant changes estimates. Finally, though sparsely represented data 54 which somewhat older than Quercus spp (30–50 Ma), most common host.