Wild Ungulate Browsing, Natural Regeneration and Silviculture in the Italian Alps

摘要: Abstract In the southern part of Alps intensive use forests for domestic animals has declined this century and particularly during last few decades. After Second World War wild ungulates, rare or absent at beginning century, increased in number expanded their range. Mountain are very vulnerable to ungulate damage owing long periods needed regeneration processes. study, impact browsing on forest was investigated 10 areas Italian Alps. The incidence (10-150 cm height) found vary between 52.8% most severely damaged area 6.9% least affected area. lethality (used as index intensity) be nil 4 out ten up 17.2% with highest density. Ungulate density is not only factor influencing degree damage; winter tourism land road settlements in...