Nitrogen deposition, habitat restoration and the EU Habitats Directive: moving beyond the deadlock with the dutch programmatic nitrogen approach?

摘要: Atmospheric N deposition is widely recognized as one of the major threats to biodiversity. In EU, implementation EU Habitats Directives (HD), which requires Member States take measures maintain or restore natural habitats a favorable conservation status, has put curbing forefront several national biodiversity strategies. order achieve compliance with targets, will have be brought non-detrimental levels in many protected Natura 2000 sites. Given stringent application precautionary principle throughout decision-making process, issuance permits for farm holdings and road construction works grown ever more problematic cases continued exceedances critical loads This paper reviews leeway that left when aligning economic development recovery sites from accumulated loads. The Dutch Programmatic Approach Nitrogen (PAN), relies on additional reduction and, indirectly, on-site restoration actions facilitate further development, stands out most noteworthy flexible mechanisms. addresses premises upon integral approach based. It analyzes what extent liberal understanding mitigation compatible protection duties 2000. argument forward strong reliance positive effects future at odds underpinning Directive.