Performance characteristics of a new electronic snow water equivalent sensor in different climates

摘要: The US Army ERDC CRREL and the Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service developed a square electronic snow water equivalent (e-SWE) sensor as an alternative to using fluid-filled pillows measure SWE. sensors consist centre panel SWE eight outer panels buffer edge stress concentrations. Seven 3 m e-SWE were installed in five different climate zones. During 2011–2012 winter, 1.8 1.2 m operated Oregon. With exception New York State Newfoundland, accurately measured SWE, with R2 values between manual measurements 0.86 0.98. at Hogg Pass, Oregon, during past 8 years operations. In thin, icy midwinter 2008–2009, overmeasured because concentrations associated strong layers shallow cover. sensors' measurement accuracy improved spring 2009 further winter operating experience. At Santiam Junction, from agreed well pillow, sensor, until February 2013, when dust gravel blew onto testing area resulting anomalous measurements. © 2014 Authors. Hydrological Processes published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.