Integrated Fruit Production and Pest Management in Europe: The Apple Case Study and How Far We Are From the Original Concept?

摘要: This review focuses on the process of adapting original concept Integrated Pest Management (IPM) to wider conception Fruit Production (IFP) implemented in Europe. Even though most pest management strategies still rely use synthetic pesticides, a wide array innovative and environmentally friendly tools are now available as possible alternative pesticides within modern apple production system. We also highlight how recent have created an opening for research towards IPM improvement, including biorational semiochemicals biological control. Forecasting models, new tree training systems spray equipment been developed improve treatment coverage, mitigate pesticide drift reduce chemical residues fruits. The threats that jeopardize effective implementation particularly risks related development resistance introduction invasive pests reviewed. With directive 128/09, European legislation recognizes strategic approach sustainable pesticides. Within this context, guidelines is called meet different areas concern relation worker bystander safety. Beside traditional economic criteria market-oriented agriculture, agriculture includes assessment environmental impact agronomic practices societal context where they take place. As consequence raising consumer concerns about impacts generated by fruit production, IFP certification over product standards, aspects, frequently required consumers supermarket chains.