The social regulation of population density and age-sex distribution in the toque monkey

摘要: [The relationships between behavioral, ecologicaland demographic data are examined for a wild population of nearly 450 toque monkeys, Macaca sinica, Sri Lanka, based on 3½ years continuous, plus 3 intermittent study. Under relatively stable ecological conditions troops fluctuated in size within limits, and the net growth was zero (Ro = 1). Decrease food supply caused decrease size. An abundant stimulated growth. A lifetable indicated that mortality differed markedly according to age sex, this pattern not attributable predation or disease alone. Behavioral analysis revealed 81.5% all threats occurred during foraging. Threatened individuals were prevented from feeding, their foods usurped directly 36% threat interactions. The observed frequency age-sex classes foraging significantly two progressively stronger null hypotheses. These hypotheses took into account, respectively, distribution society, frequencies nearest neighbor associations animals different sex. agonistic discrimination sex mirrored by similar affiliative discrimination. Some conclusions adults dominated juveniles which turn infants, among infants males female peers. Adults likewise discriminated against young females. behavioral influenced efficiency animals, measured amount time spent foraging, feeding rates, quality consumed. By these measures adult fared best, then females, juvenile males, females worst. I proposed as consequence behaviorally imposed efficiencies, died at greater rates than adults, infant male peers; mediated access other resources is likely influence manner. During mating season, threatening wounding increased subadult competed mates migrated. peak migration phase coincided with males. This suggested rigors (low priority rcsources frequent wounding) underlie mortality. Mortality (1) less migrated more frenuently, (2) do migrate. Competition troops, part, determines available per troop, thereby contributes setting upper limit troop molding structure determined social processess troop. hypothesized effects behavior (mainly aggressive behaviors) possibly its nature, change accordance density, resources. Social determines, through socially mortality, density society (and hence population) such way maximize reproductive success some members, results bringing towards an equilibrium state 1) non-socially mortality., mortality.]