New Zealand sea lions Phocarctos hookeri and squid trawl fisheries: bycatch problems and management options

摘要: The New Zealand (NZ) sea lion Phocarctos hookeri is one of the world's most rare and highly localized pinnipeds. NZ lions only breed on Zealand's subantarctic islands, with 86% breeding occurring Auckland Islands (50°S, 166°E). In 1995, surrounding Auck- land out to 12 nautical miles (n miles) was declared a Marine Mammal Sanctuary, primarily protect area this species. Subsequently, in 2003, became concurrent no- take Reserve. Both protection measures ban commercial trawl fishing within area. Trawl- ing predominant anthropogenic impact upon species, both through direct (mortality as result bycatch) potential indirect (resource competition) effects. However, despite area- based fisheries management waters, which numbers less than 000 ind., has shown 30% decline pup production over last 8 yr. paper, I review biology, foraging ecology relation arrow squid Nototodarus sloanii fishery explore alternative options framework current legalisation Zealand. Management need afford better for declining while still allowing profitable operations waters.