Manipulating Electrons One by One

摘要: We describe three circuits based on nanoscale tunnel junctions with which we manipulate single electrons. Their operating principle is “macroscopic charge quantization”: at low temperature, the charges in metallic islands between correspond to integer numbers of electrons and their fluctuations are quenched due electrostatic energy gap arising from small value island capacitances. The simplest circuit have operated “single electron box”: one junction capacitor define a charged time. To monitor entrance extra used transistor, consists two nanojunctions series, as very sensitive electrometer. designed other devices, pump (3 junctions) turnstile (4 junctions), through transferred by means gate voltages capacitively coupled islands. When this controlled transfer clocked frequency /, both devices produce d.c. current I = ef.