Response of raptors to a windfarm

摘要: Summary 1. The global growth of wind energy has outpaced our assessment possible impacts on wildlife. There is a pressing need for studies with pre- and post-construction data to determine whether facilities will have detrimental effects susceptible avian groups such as raptors. 2. A study was conducted the impact windfarm abundance behaviour raptors in Wisconsin, USA. Variation examined both within among years relative selected spatial, temporal weather covariates. Raptor avoidance rates indices collision risk were calculated. 3. Raptor reduced by 47% compared pre-construction levels. Flight varied species, but most individuals remained at distance least 100 m from turbines above height rotor zone. 4. Turkey vultures Cathartes aura red-tailed hawks Buteo jamaicensis displayed high-risk flight behaviours more often than all other raptor also showed signs avoidance. Red-tailed only species found dead beneath during mortality searches. few observed mortalities corrected estimates comparable those studies. 5. Synthesis applications. The decline together lines evidence suggests some displacement project area. While certain may be risk, indicate that majority not directly affected presence turbines. recorded this should used improve models, current future windfarms investigate post-construction.