Bridging In-school and Out-of-school Learning: Formal, Non-Formal, and Informal Education

摘要: The present paper thoroughly examines how one can effectively bridge in-school and out-of-school learning. first part discusses the difficulty in defining It proposes to distinguish three types of learning: formal, informal, non-formal. second raises question whether learning should be dealt with system, view fact that we experience informal anyway as well considering disadvantages difficulties teachers are confronted when planning carrying out scientific fieldtrips. voices teachers, students, non-formal institution staff heard provide insights into problem. third cognitive affective aspects fourth presents some models explaining fieldtrip based on those models, suggests a novel explanation. fifth offers recommendations closes practical ideas bring theory described practice. is hoped this will educators an insight so they able fully exploit great potential field trips may offer.